kitavān kuśīlavān krūrān pāṣaṇḍa-sthān ca mānavān .vikarma-sthān śauṇḍikān ca kṣipram nirvāsayet purāt .. 9.225..
: Different commentators offer variations on the identities of these groups. For example, some interpret "cruel men" ( kruran ) as those with "crooked behavior," while others identify "actors" ( kusilavan ) as individuals sharp enough to entrap others. Modern Perspective
kitavān kuśīlavān krūrān pāṣaṇḍasthāṃśca mānavān |vikarmasthān śauṇḍिकाṃśca kṣipraṃ nirvāsayet purāt || 225 ||
In contemporary socio-legal discussions, Verse 225 is frequently cited by historians and sociologists analyzing the rigid social engineering of ancient India. Modern democratic societies operate on the principles of personal liberty, freedom of expression, and freedom of religion. Consequently, this verse is viewed today through an academic lens, illustrating how ancient legal systems prioritized collective social stability and religious conformity over individual rights.
Those following sects that explicitly opposed the established Vedic social order. In ancient times, this was seen as a threat to the state's spiritual stability. Dealers in Wine (Śauṇḍikān): manusmriti chapter 9 verse 225
Verse 9.225 is best studied as a historical artifact, not a living law. Its literal meaning is rejected by modern legal systems, Hindu reform movements, and mainstream ethics.
कितवान् कुशीलवान् क्रूरान् पाषण्डस्थांश्च मानवान् ।विकर्मस्थान् शौण्डिकांश्च क्षिप्रं निर्वासयेत् पुरात् ॥ २२५ ॥
The verse lists six specific categories of individuals whom the king is advised to exile "instantly" from the city ( Gamblers (
Manusmriti Chapter 9 Verse 225 has faced criticism and controversy over the years, particularly with regard to its perceived treatment of women. Some have argued that the verse: For example, some interpret "cruel men" ( kruran
To further explore how ancient systems managed high-level offenses, you can read about the severe penalties and exile protocols reserved for major offenses in Manusmriti Verse 9.235 . Share public link
The verse provides a directive to the King regarding individuals who are considered a threat to social stability and public morality. According to the translation by , the verse reads:
: The list targets professions and behaviors that the text's authors viewed as corrosive to the social fabric. It groups "gamblers" and "liquor-vendors" with "cruel men" and "heretics," reflecting a legal philosophy that prioritizes religious and moral homogeneity.
Those who profit from the sale of intoxicants were frequently targeted in ancient texts as contributors to moral decay. Historical and Social Context Consequently, this verse is viewed today through an
user wants a long article on Manusmriti Chapter 9 Verse 225. I need to follow the search plan outlined in the hint. The plan has three rounds. I'll start with Round One, which involves specific, targeted searches to locate the verse and its context. I'll use the search tool with the specified queries. search results have provided some initial information. Result 0 from the first query shows a translation of Manusmriti Chapter 9. Result 3 from the second query shows the Sanskrit text for Verse 9.225. Result 0 from the fifth query shows a translation. Result 0 from the sixth query shows a commentary. I will now open these to gather more details. opened pages provide useful information. The Sanskrit text and an English translation of Verse 9.225 are available. The commentary page for Verse 9.225 might contain more details. I need to open the comparative notes for Verse 9.225. I'll also search for scholarly articles or books that discuss this verse. search results have provided the verse text, translation, commentary, and some scholarly references. Now for Round Two, I need to gather historical, legal, social, and critical perspectives. I'll search for these aspects. search results have provided various perspectives. For Round Three, I need to gather more details on historical acceptance, modern views, comparisons with other texts, and notable critiques. I'll search for these. have gathered a substantial amount of information from various sources. The search results include the verse text, translation, commentary, historical context, and critical perspectives. I will now structure a long article covering the verse's Sanskrit text, translation, context within the Manusmriti, significance, interpretations, historical impact, and modern relevance. The article will be organized into sections: introduction, the verse and its translation, context within chapter 9, detailed analysis of groups mentioned, commentary and interpretations, role in statecraft and social control, historical impact and colonial legacy, modern perspectives and controversies, and conclusion. I will cite the relevant sources. the sprawling legal and ethical universe of the Manusmriti , a cornerstone of ancient Indian jurisprudence, Chapter 9 is best known for its intricate regulations concerning the family—defining the duties of husbands, wives, and sons. Within this domestic framework, however, lies a powerful and evocative verse that shifts focus entirely. Verse 225 abruptly commands the king to act as a purifier of the public sphere, ordering the expulsion of a specific set of individuals from his realm. This verse provides a unique window into the ancient state’s concern for its moral and social character, revealing who was considered a threat to the righteous order, or dharma .
The denial of autonomy has been linked to internalized subservience and domestic vulnerability.
Perpetrators of malicious or sadistic acts who lack essential empathy for community welfare.
The Manusmriti has had a lasting impact on Indian law and society. Many of its principles and concepts have been incorporated into modern Indian law, particularly in the areas of family law, property rights, and social welfare.
This verse identifies several categories of people deemed detrimental to a well-ordered society, requiring swift action by the sovereign: