The primary driver of this crisis is the widespread misuse and overuse of antibiotics. In many parts of the world, these drugs are available over the counter without a prescription, leading to their use for viral infections like the common cold, against which they are entirely ineffective. Furthermore, in the agricultural sector, antibiotics are frequently administered to livestock not just to treat illness, but to promote growth and prevent disease in crowded conditions. This constant exposure allows the strongest bacteria to survive and multiply, creating "superbugs" that are resistant to multiple forms of treatment.
To combat antibiotic resistance, the passage suggests several solutions:
Complete the summary below. Choose from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 12–14 on your answer sheet. The primary driver of this crisis is the
The text states it was a "chance discovery" (accidental), which directly contradicts the idea that he "intentionally engineered" it.
Drives resistance when patients stop taking prescribed medication prior to full eradication of the pathogen. This constant exposure allows the strongest bacteria to
Spreads superbugs into the human food chain via contaminated water and soil. Questions 11–13
At its core, antibiotic resistance is a natural evolutionary phenomenon. When a population of bacteria is exposed to an antimicrobial drug, the most susceptible organisms are eradicated. However, due to spontaneous genetic mutations, a minute fraction of the bacterial population may possess traits that allow them to survive the chemical onslaught. These surviving "superbugs" then replicate, passing their resistant genes on to their progeny. More alarmingly, bacteria can engage in horizontal gene transfer—a process by which they share resistance mechanisms directly with neighboring bacteria of entirely different species. Human activities have dramatically accelerated this natural selection process, turning a slow evolutionary crawl into a global sprint. Write your answers in boxes 12–14 on your answer sheet
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Look at the following statements and the list of sectors below. Match each statement with the correct sector, , B , or C . Write the correct letter in boxes 7–10 on your answer sheet. List of Sectors A Human Medical Misuse B Agricultural Sector Practices C Pharmaceutical Industry Realities
Powerless; lacking effectiveness or power.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms to evade the effects of antibiotics. This can happen through genetic mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, infections become more difficult to treat, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.